Challenge 1
One speed, two directions
A launcher is 1.25 m above level ground. Fired horizontally, a ball lands 5.0 m from the point directly below the launcher. Ignore air resistance and use g = 10 m/s^2. The same launcher speed is then aimed vertically upward. How high above the launcher does the ball rise?
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Challenge 2
Five separate ceiling tests
The same training-ball test is run separately in five test chambers—one launch per chamber. Without a ceiling, the ball's height in every trial would follow y = -0.5(x - 4)^2 + 9, where x and y are measured in metres and y is height above the floor. The five chambers have ceiling heights 7.0 m, 8.5 m, 9.0 m, 10.0 m, and 12.0 m. A sensor triggers if the ball would touch or pass that trial's ceiling. In how many of the five separate trials would the sensor trigger?
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Challenge 3
When applying twice changes nothing
Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. A function f: S → S satisfies both of the following conditions: (1) f(f(x)) = f(x) for every x in S; (2) for every y in S, at most two elements x in S satisfy f(x) = y. How many such functions f are there?
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Challenge 4
The camera lost the labels
Eight maintenance beacons stand along a test railway. Their IDs and positions are: beacon 1 at 2 km, beacon 2 at 7 km, beacon 3 at 13 km, beacon 4 at 18 km, beacon 5 at 24 km, beacon 6 at 31 km, beacon 7 at 35 km, and beacon 8 at 47 km. Only three beacons were armed during a night run. The train travelled in the direction of increasing kilometre marks. Its camera recorded the three flashes, but a blackout erased their labels. The odometer shows 17 km from the first flash to the second, then 11 km from the second flash to the third. Which three beacon IDs flashed? Enter their IDs in travel order as one three-digit code.
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